Ukuphoswa komzimba wevalvu yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokwenziwa kweevalvu, kwaye umgangatho wokuphoswa kweevalvu umisela umgangatho wevalvu. Oku kulandelayo kwazisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphoswa ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lweevalvu:
Ukuphoswa kwesanti:
Ukuphoswa kwesanti okuqhelekileyo okusetyenziswa kushishino lweevalvu kunokwahlulwahlulwa kube yisanti eluhlaza, isanti eyomileyo, isanti yeglasi yamanzi kunye nesanti yokuziqinisa ye-furan resin ngokwee-binders ezahlukeneyo.
(1) Intlabathi eluhlaza yinkqubo yokubumba esebenzisa i-bentonite njenge-binder.
Iimpawu zayo zezi:Isikhunta sesanti esigqityiweyo akufuneki somiswe okanye siqiniswe, isikhunta sesanti sinamandla athile amanzi, kwaye isiseko sesanti kunye neqokobhe lesikhunta zinemveliso entle, okwenza kube lula ukucoca nokushukumisa izinto ezibunjiweyo. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yokubumba kuphezulu, umjikelo wemveliso mfutshane, iindleko zezinto ziphantsi, kwaye kulula ukuhlela imveliso yomgca wokuhlanganisa.
Iingxaki zayo zezi:Ii-castings zinokuba neziphene ezifana nee-pores, i-inclusions yesanti, kunye nokunamathela kwesanti, kwaye umgangatho wee-castings, ingakumbi umgangatho wangaphakathi, awufanelekanga.
Ubungakanani kunye netafile yokusebenza kwesanti eluhlaza kwi-castings yentsimbi:
(2) Intlabathi eyomileyo yinkqubo yokubumba kusetyenziswa udongwe njengesihlanganisi. Ukongeza i-bentonite encinci kunokuphucula amandla ayo okumanzi.
Iimpawu zayo zezi:Isikhunta sesanti kufuneka somiswe, sinomoya ovumayo, asichaphazeleki ziingxaki ezifana nokuhlanjwa kwesanti, ukunamathela kwesanti, kunye neembobo, kwaye umgangatho wesanti ulungile.
Iingxaki zayo zezi:Ifuna izixhobo zokomisa isanti kwaye umjikelo wemveliso mde.
(3) Isanti yeglasi yamanzi yinkqubo yokumodela esebenzisa iglasi yamanzi njengesihlanganisi. Iimpawu zayo zezi: iglasi yamanzi inomsebenzi wokuqina ngokuzenzekelayo xa ivezwe kwi-CO2, kwaye inokuba neengenelo ezahlukeneyo zendlela yokuqinisa igesi yokwenza imodeli kunye nokwenza isiseko, kodwa kukho iziphene ezifana nokungaguquki kakuhle kwegobolondo lesikhunta, ubunzima ekucoceni isanti yezinto ezicociweyo, kunye nesantya esiphantsi sokuhlaziya kunye nokurisayikilisha isanti endala.
Ubungakanani kunye nokusebenza kwetafile yeglasi yamanzi yesanti yokuqinisa i-CO2:
(4) Ukubumba isanti okuziqinisayo kwe-resin ye-Furan yinkqubo yokubumba kusetyenziswa i-furan resin njengesihlanganisi. Isanti yokubumba iyaqina ngenxa yempendulo yekhemikhali yesihlanganisi phantsi kwesenzo se-agent yokuphilisa kubushushu begumbi. Uphawu lwayo kukuba i-mold yesanti ayifuni ukomiswa, nto leyo efinyeza umjikelo wemveliso kwaye igcine amandla. Isanti yokubumba i-resin kulula ukuyihlanganisa kwaye ineempawu ezilungileyo zokuqhekeka. Isanti yokubumba ye-castings kulula ukuyicoca. Ii-castings zinobuchane obuphezulu kunye nokugqitywa okuhle komphezulu, okunokuphucula kakhulu umgangatho we-castings. Iingxaki zayo zezi: iimfuno zomgangatho ophezulu wesanti eluhlaza, ivumba elincinci elibukhali kwindawo yemveliso, kunye nexabiso eliphezulu le-resin.
Ubungakanani kunye nenkqubo yokuxuba umxube wesanti ongabhakwanga we-furan resin:
Inkqubo yokuxuba isanti yokuziqinisa ye-furan resin: Kungcono ukusebenzisa umxube wesanti oqhubekayo ukwenza isanti yokuziqinisa ye-resin. Isanti eluhlaza, i-resin, i-curing agent, njl. zongezwa ngokulandelelana kwaye zixutywe ngokukhawuleza. Zingaxutywa kwaye zisetyenziswe nangaliphi na ixesha.
Umyalelo wokongeza izinto ezahlukeneyo xa kuxutywa isanti yeresin ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Isanti eluhlaza + iarhente yokunyanga (isisombululo samanzi se-p-toluenesulfonic acid) – (120 ~ 180S) – i-resin + i-silane – (60 ~ 90S) – imveliso yesanti
(5) Inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokuvelisa isanti:
Ukuphosa ngokuchanekileyo:
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abavelisi beevalvu baye banikela ingqalelo ngakumbi kumgangatho wenkangeleko kunye nokuchaneka kobukhulu bezinto ezithungwayo. Ngenxa yokuba inkangeleko entle yeyona mfuneko iphambili yemarike, ikwayindlela yokubeka inyathelo lokuqala loomatshini.
Indlela eqhelekileyo yokuphosa ngokuchanekileyo kwishishini leevalvu kukuphosa utyalo-mali, okwaziswa ngokufutshane ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
(1) Iindlela ezimbini zenkqubo yokuphosa isisombululo:
①Ukusebenzisa izinto zokubumba ezisekelwe kwi-wax ezisebenzisa ubushushu obuphantsi (i-stearic acid + iparafini), inaliti ye-wax enoxinzelelo oluphantsi, igobolondo leglasi yamanzi, ukunyibilikisa amanzi ashushu, inkqubo yokunyibilikisa nomoya, esetyenziselwa ikakhulu i-carbon steel kunye ne-low alloy steel castings ezineemfuno zomgangatho jikelele, ukuchaneka kobukhulu be-castings kunokufikelela kwi-CT7~9 yesizwe.
② Ukusebenzisa izinto zokubumba ezisekwe kwi-resin yobushushu obuphakathi, inaliti ye-wax enoxinzelelo oluphezulu, igobolondo le-silica sol mold, ukunyibilikisa ngomphunga, inkqubo yokunyibilikisa ngokukhawuleza emoyeni okanye kwi-vacuum melting, ukuchaneka kobukhulu bezinto zokubumba kunokufikelela kwii-CT4-6 ngokuchanekileyo.
(2) Indlela eqhelekileyo yokuhamba kwenkqubo yotyalo-mali:
(3) Iimpawu zotyalo-mali:
①I-cast ichanekileyo kakhulu, umphezulu ogudileyo kunye nomgangatho olungileyo wembonakalo.
② Kunokwenzeka ukwenza iinxalenye ezinezakhiwo kunye neemilo ezintsonkothileyo ekunzima ukuzisebenzisa nezinye iinkqubo.
③ Izinto zokuphosa azikhawulelwanga, izinto ezahlukeneyo ze-alloy ezifana: intsimbi yekhabhoni, intsimbi engatyiwayo, intsimbi ye-alloy, i-aluminium alloy, i-alloy enobushushu obuphezulu, kunye neentsimbi ezixabisekileyo, ingakumbi izinto ze-alloy ekunzima ukuzenza, ukuzihlanganisa nokuzisika.
④ Ukuguquguquka kwemveliso elungileyo kunye nokuguquguquka okunamandla. Ingaveliswa ngobuninzi, kwaye ikwafanelekile kwimveliso yeqhekeza elinye okanye ibhetshi encinci.
⑤ Ukufakwa kwe-investment casting nako kunemida ethile, efana nokuhamba kweenkqubo ezinzima kunye nomjikelo wemveliso omde. Ngenxa yeendlela ezincinci zokufakwa kwe-cast ezingasetyenziswayo, amandla ayo okuthwala uxinzelelo awanakuphakanyiswa kakhulu xa isetyenziselwa ukuphosa ii-valve castings ezithwala uxinzelelo.
Uhlalutyo lweeNgxaki zokuKhanda
Nakuphi na ukuphosa kuya kuba neziphene zangaphakathi, ukubakho kwezi ziphene kuya kuzisa iingozi ezinkulu ezifihlakeleyo kumgangatho wangaphakathi wokuphosa, kwaye ukulungiswa kokuwelda ukuze kususwe ezi ziphene kwinkqubo yemveliso kuya kuzisa umthwalo omkhulu kwinkqubo yemveliso. Ngokukodwa, iivalvu zii-castings ezincinci ezimelana noxinzelelo kunye nobushushu, kwaye ubuncinci bezakhiwo zazo zangaphakathi bubaluleke kakhulu. Ke ngoko, iziphene zangaphakathi zokuphosa ziba yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela umgangatho wokuphosa.
Iziphene zangaphakathi zeevalvu ezifakwayo ziquka ikakhulu ii-pores, i-slag inclusions, i-shrinkage porosity kunye nee-cracks.
(1) Iimbobo:Iimbobo ziveliswa yigesi, umphezulu weembobo uthambile, kwaye uveliswa ngaphakathi okanye kufutshane nomphezulu we-casting, kwaye iimilo zazo zijikelezile okanye zimbhoxo.
Imithombo ephambili yegesi evelisa ii-pores zezi:
① I-nitrogen kunye ne-hydrogen ezinyibilikisiweyo kwisinyithi ziqulethwe kwisinyithi ngexesha lokuqina kwesinyithi, zenze iindonga zangaphakathi ezivaliweyo ezijikelezayo okanye ezimbhoxo ezine-metallic luster.
②Umswakama okanye izinto eziguquguqukayo kwizinto zokubumba ziya kuba yigesi ngenxa yokufudumeza, zenze iimbobo ezineendonga zangaphakathi ezimdaka mnyama.
③ Ngexesha lokuthululwa kwesinyithi, ngenxa yokuhamba okungazinzanga, umoya uyabandakanyeka ukwenza iimbobo.
Indlela yokuthintela isiphene sesisu:
① Kwi-smelting, izinto ezikrwada zesinyithi ezirhabaxa mazingasetyenziswa kangako okanye zingasetyenziswa kangako, kwaye izixhobo kunye neendebe kufuneka zibhakwe kwaye zomiswe.
②Ukugalelwa kwentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo kufuneka kwenziwe kubushushu obuphezulu kuze kugalelwe kubushushu obuphantsi, kwaye intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo kufuneka ithomalaliswe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kube lula ukudada kwegesi.
③ Uyilo lwenkqubo yesinyusi sokugalela kufuneka lonyuse intloko yoxinzelelo lwentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukuvaleka kwegesi, kwaye kumiselwe indlela yegesi yokwenziwa ukuze kuphume umoya ngokufanelekileyo.
④Izixhobo zokubumba kufuneka zilawule umthamo wamanzi kunye nomthamo wegesi, zonyuse ukungena komoya, kwaye isikhunta sesanti kunye nesiseko sesanti kufuneka zibhakwe kwaye zomiswe kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
(2) Umngxuma wokuncipha (okhululekileyo):Yindawo engqukuva okanye engangqalanga (umgodi) eyenzeka ngaphakathi kwi-casting (ingakumbi kwindawo eshushu), enobuso oburhabaxa bangaphakathi nombala omnyama. Iinkozo zekristale ezirhabaxa, ikakhulu ngohlobo lwee-dendrites, eziqokelelwe kwindawo enye okanye ezingaphezulu, ezinokuba nokuvuza ngexesha lovavanyo lwe-hydraulic.
Isizathu sokuncipha komngxuma (ukuyekelela):Ukuncipha komthamo kwenzeka xa isinyithi siqina ukusuka kulwelo ukuya kwimeko eqinileyo. Ukuba akukho kuphinda kuzaliseke intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo ngokwaneleyo ngeli xesha, ukuncipha komgodi kuya kwenzeka ngokungenakuphepheka. Ukuncipha komgodi weentsimbi ezixutyiweyo ngokusisiseko kubangelwa kukulawulwa okungafanelekanga kwenkqubo yokuqina elandelelanayo. Izizathu zinokubandakanya useto olungalunganga lokuphakamisa, ubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu bokuthulula intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo, kunye nokuncipha kwesinyithi esikhulu.
Iindlela zokuthintela ukushwabana kwemingxunya (ukuyekelela):① Yila ngokwesayensi inkqubo yokuthulula izinto ezixutyiweyo ukuze kufezekiswe ukuqina ngokulandelelana kwentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo, kwaye iindawo eziqina kuqala kufuneka zizaliswe ngentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo. ②Sebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo nangokufanelekileyo i-riser, inkxaso, i-cold iron yangaphakathi nangaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukuqina ngokulandelelana. ③Xa intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo igalelwa, ukufakwa okuphezulu kwi-riser kuluncedo ukuqinisekisa ubushushu bentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo kunye nokutya, kunye nokunciphisa ukwenzeka kwemingxuma yokuncitshiswa. ④ Ngokuphathelele isantya sokuthulula, ukuthulula ngesantya esiphantsi kulungele ngakumbi ukuqina ngokulandelelana kunokuthulula ngesantya esiphezulu. ⑸Ubushushu bokuthulula akufuneki bube phezulu kakhulu. Intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo ikhutshwa esithandweni kubushushu obuphezulu kwaye igalelwe emva kokuthomalalisa, okuluncedo ekunciphiseni imingxunya yokuncitshiswa.
(3) Izinto eziqukiweyo kwisanti (inkunkuma):Izinto ezifakwe kwisanti (i-slag), ezaziwa ngokuba zii-blisters, ziyimingxuma engaguqukiyo okanye engangqalanga ebonakala ngaphakathi kwi-castings. Le mingxuma ixutywe nesanti yokubumba okanye i-slag yentsimbi, enobukhulu obungangqalanga kwaye ihlanganiswe kuyo. Indawo enye okanye ezingaphezulu, zihlala zingaphezulu kwinxalenye ephezulu.
Izizathu zokubandakanywa kwesanti (i-slag):Ukufakwa kwe-slag kubangelwa yi-slag yentsimbi eyahlukileyo engena kwi-casting kunye nentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokunyibilikisa okanye yokugalela. Ukufakwa kwesanti kubangelwa kukungaqini ngokwaneleyo komngxuma wesikhunta ngexesha lokubumba. Xa intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo igalelwa kumngxuma wesikhunta, isanti yokubumba ihlanjwa yintsimbi enyibilikisiweyo ize ingene ngaphakathi kwi-casting. Ukongeza, ukusebenza okungafanelekanga ngexesha lokucheba kunye nokuvalwa kwebhokisi, kunye nemeko yokuwa kwesanti nazo zezona zizathu zokufakwa kwesanti.
Iindlela zokuthintela ukufakwa kwesanti (i-slag):① Xa intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo inyibilikisiwe, umbane ophumayo kunye nenkunkuma kufuneka zicinywe ngokupheleleyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. ② Zama ukungajiki ingxowa yokugalela yentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo, kodwa sebenzisa ingxowa yetipoti okanye ingxowa yokugalela esezantsi ukuthintela inkunkuma engaphezulu kwentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo ukuba ingangeni kwindawo yokugalela kunye nentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo. ③ Xa ugalela intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo, kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo okuthintela inkunkuma ukuba ingangeni kwindawo yokugalela kunye nentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo. ④Ukuze kuncitshiswe amathuba okufakwa kwesanti, qinisekisa ukuba inkunkuma yesanti iqinile xa usenza imodeli, lumka ungalahli isanti xa usika, kwaye uvuthuze indawo yokugalela ngaphambi kokuba uvale ibhokisi.
(4) Iintanda:Uninzi lwezikhewu ezikwii-castings ziikhewu ezishushu, ezineemilo ezingaqhelekanga, ezingenayo okanye ezingangeniyo, eziqhubekayo okanye ezingapheliyo, kwaye isinyithi esikwizikhewu simnyama okanye sinomoya ongcolileyo kumphezulu.
izizathu zokuqhekeka, oko kukuthi uxinzelelo lobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokuguqulwa kwefilimu yolwelo.
Uxinzelelo lobushushu obuphezulu luxinzelelo olubangelwa kukuncipha kunye nokuguquka kwentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Xa uxinzelelo ludlula umda wamandla okanye umda wokuguqulwa kweplastiki kwentsimbi kolu bushushu, kuya kubakho imifantu. Ukuguqulwa kwefilimu yolwelo kukwenziwa kwefilimu yolwelo phakathi kweenkozo zekristale ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqina kunye nekristale yokwenza intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo ibe yikristale. Ngokuqhubeka kokuqina kunye nekristale, ifilimu yolwelo iyaguquguquka. Xa ubungakanani bokuguqulwa kunye nesantya sokuguqulwa sidlula umda othile, imifantu iveliswa. Uluhlu lobushushu lwemifantu yobushushu lumalunga ne-1200 ~ 1450℃.
Izinto ezichaphazela imifantu:
Izinto ze-S kunye ne-P kwintsimbi zizinto eziyingozi kwiintanda, kwaye i-eutectics yazo enentsimbi inciphisa amandla kunye ne-plasticity yentsimbi ephosiweyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, nto leyo ebangela iintanda.
② Ukufakwa kwe-slag kunye nokwahlulwahlulwa kwentsimbi kwandisa uxinzelelo, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa utyekelo lokuqhekeka kobushushu.
③ Okukhona i-coefficient yokuncipha komgca wohlobo lwentsimbi inkulu, kokukhona ukuqhekeka okushushu kukhulu.
④ Okukhona ubushushu bohlobo lwentsimbi bukhula, kokukhona uxinzelelo lomphezulu lukhula, kokukhona iimpawu zoomatshini ezishushu kakhulu zingcono, kwaye kokukhona ukuqhekeka kobushushu kuncinci.
⑤ Uyilo lwesakhiwo sezinto ezidityanisiweyo alunakwenzeka kangako ekuveliseni, njengeekona ezincinci kakhulu ezijikelezileyo, ukungafani okukhulu kobukhulu bodonga, kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu, oluya kubangela imifantu.
⑥Ubunzima bokubumba kwesanti buphezulu kakhulu, kwaye isivuno esibi sesiseko sithintela ukushwabana kwesamente kwaye sandisa ukuqhekeka.
⑦Ezinye izinto, ezifana nokulungiswa okungafanelekanga kwe-riser, ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kwe-casting, uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo olubangelwa kukusika i-riser kunye nonyango lobushushu, njl.njl. nazo ziya kuchaphazela ukuveliswa kwemifantu.
Ngokwezizathu kunye nezinto ezibangela iintanda ezingasentla, amanyathelo afanelekileyo anokuthathwa ukunciphisa nokuthintela ukwenzeka kweziphene zeentanda.
Ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo olungentla lwezizathu zokusilela kokwenza izinto, ukufumanisa iingxaki ezikhoyo kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo okuphucula afanelekileyo, singafumana isisombululo sokusilela kokwenza izinto, nto leyo enceda ekuphuculeni umgangatho wokwenza izinto.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-31-2023