1/Ingcamango

Ihamile yamanzi ikwabizwa ngokuba yihamile yamanzi. Ngexesha lokuthuthwa kwamanzi (okanye olunye ulwelo), ngenxa yokuvulwa okanye ukuvalwa ngequbuliso kwehamile yamanzi.Ivalvu yebhabhathane ye-Api, iivalvu zesango, jonga ii-vavles kunyeiivalvu zebhola.ukumiswa ngequbuliso kweempompo zamanzi, ukuvulwa nokuvalwa ngequbuliso kwee-vanes ezikhokelayo, njl.njl., izinga lokuhamba litshintsha ngequbuliso kwaye uxinzelelo luyatshintshatshintsha kakhulu. Isiphumo se-water hammer ligama elicacileyo. Libhekisa kwi-water hammer enzima ebangelwa yimpembelelo yokuhamba kwamanzi kwipayipi xa ipompo yamanzi iqaliswa kwaye imiswa. Kuba ngaphakathi kwipayipi yamanzi, udonga lwangaphakathi lombhobho luthambile kwaye amanzi ahamba ngokukhululekileyo. Xa ivalve evulekileyo ivaliwe ngequbuliso okanye ipompo yokuhambisa amanzi iyeka, ukuhamba kwamanzi kuya kuvelisa uxinzelelo kwivalve kunye nodonga lombhobho, ikakhulu ivalve okanye ipompo. Ngenxa yokuba udonga lombhobho luthambile, phantsi kwesenzo se-inertia yokuhamba kwamanzi okulandelayo, amandla e-hydraulic afikelela ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye avelise iziphumo ezitshabalalisayo. Le "yimpembelelo ye-water hammer" kwi-hydraulics, oko kukuthi, i-water hammer elungileyo. Ngokuchasene noko, xa ivalve evaliweyo ivulwa ngequbuliso okanye ipompo yamanzi iqalisiwe, i-water hammer nayo iya kwenzeka, ebizwa ngokuba yi-negative water hammer, kodwa ayinkulu njengeyokuqala. Impembelelo yoxinzelelo iya kubangela ukuba udonga lombhobho lube noxinzelelo kwaye luvelise ingxolo, njengesando esibetha umbhobho, ngoko ke ibizwa ngokuba yimpembelelo yesando samanzi.

2/Iingozi

Uxinzelelo olukhawulezileyo oluveliswa yihammer yamanzi lunokufikelela kumaxesha aliqela okanye amakhulu kunoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lokusebenza kwipayipi. Ukuguquguquka okukhulu koxinzelelo kunokubangela ukungcangcazela okanye ingxolo enamandla kwinkqubo yepayipi kwaye kunokonakalisa amalungu evalvu. Inefuthe elibi kakhulu kwinkqubo yepayipi. Ukuze kuthintelwe ihammer yamanzi, inkqubo yepayipi kufuneka yenziwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuthintela isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi ukuba siphakame kakhulu. Ngokubanzi, isantya sokuhamba esicwangcisiweyo sepayipi kufuneka sibe ngaphantsi kwe-3m/s, kwaye isantya sokuvula nokuvala ivalvu kufuneka silawulwe.
Ngenxa yokuba ipompo iqaliswa, imisiwe, kwaye iivalvu zivulwa kwaye zivalwe ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, isantya samanzi siyatshintsha kakhulu, ngakumbi ihamile yamanzi ebangelwa kukumiswa ngequbuliso kwepompo, okunokonakalisa imibhobho, iimpompo zamanzi, kunye neevalvu, kwaye kubangele ukuba ipompo yamanzi ibuyele umva kwaye inciphise uxinzelelo lwenethiwekhi yepayipi. Isiphumo sehamile yamanzi siyonakalisa kakhulu: ukuba uxinzelelo luphezulu kakhulu, luya kubangela ukuba ipayipi iqhekeke. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba uxinzelelo luphantsi kakhulu, luya kubangela ukuba ipayipi iwe kwaye yonakalise iivalvu kunye nezinto ezifakelweyo. Ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu, izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi liyanda ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwizinga lokuhamba elilinganisiweyo. Ekubeni ulwelo lunamandla e-kinetic kunye nenqanaba elithile lokucinezeleka, utshintsho olukhulu kwizinga lokuhamba ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu luya kubangela impembelelo ephezulu nephantsi kwipayipi.

3/velisa

Zininzi izizathu zokuba kubekho i-water hammer. Izinto eziqhelekileyo zezi zilandelayo:

1. Ivalvu ivuleka okanye ivale ngequbuliso;

2. Iyunithi yempompo yamanzi iyayeka okanye iyaqalisa ngequbuliso;

3. Umbhobho omnye uthutha amanzi aye kwindawo ephakamileyo (umahluko wokuphakama komhlaba onika amanzi udlula iimitha ezingama-20);

4. Ukuphakama okupheleleyo (okanye uxinzelelo olusebenzayo) lwepompo yamanzi kukhulu;

5. Isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi kumbhobho wamanzi sikhulu kakhulu;

6. Umbhobho wamanzi mde kakhulu kwaye umhlaba utshintsha kakhulu.
7. Ukwakhiwa okungacwangciswanga yingozi efihlakeleyo kwiiprojekthi zemibhobho yokuhambisa amanzi
(1) Umzekelo, ukuveliswa kwee-piers zesamente zokutyhala ii-tee, iingqiniba, ii-reducers kunye nezinye ii-joints akuhlangabezani neemfuno.
Ngokwe-“Technical Regulations for Buried Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Water Supply Pipeline Engineering”, ii-cement thrust piers kufuneka zifakwe kwiindawo ezifana nee-tee, ii-elbow, ii-reducers kunye neminye imibhobho enobubanzi obuyi-≥110mm ukuthintela umbhobho ukuba ungashukumi. “Ii-concrete thrust piers” Akufanele zibe ngaphantsi komgangatho we-C15, kwaye kufuneka zifakwe kwindawo kwisiseko somhlaba wokuqala ombiweyo kunye nomthambeka womsele.” Amanye amaqela okwakha awanikeli ngqalelo ngokwaneleyo kwindima yee-thrust piers. Babethelela isibonda somthi okanye bagqume intsimbi ecaleni kombhobho ukuze basebenze njenge-thrust pier. Ngamanye amaxesha umthamo we-cement pier uncinci kakhulu okanye awugalelwa kumhlaba wokuqala. Kwelinye icala, amanye ama-thrust piers awanamandla ngokwaneleyo. Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha lokusebenza kwemibhobho, ii-thrust piers azikwazi ukusebenza kwaye zingasebenzi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba izixhobo zemibhobho ezifana nee-tee kunye nee-elbow ziphazamiseke kwaye zonakale.
(2) Ivalvu yokukhupha umoya ezenzekelayo ayifakwanga okanye indawo yokufaka ayifanelekanga.
Ngokomgaqo we-hydraulics, iivalvu zokukhupha umoya ezizenzekelayo kufuneka ziyilwe kwaye zifakwe kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zemibhobho kwiindawo zeentaba okanye iinduli ezineenduli ezinkulu. Kwanakwiindawo ezingenanto ezineendawo ezincinci ezinqumlayo, iipayipi kufuneka zenziwe ngobuchule xa kugrunjwa imisele. Kukho ukunyuka nokuhla, ukunyuka okanye ukuhla ngendlela ejikelezayo, ithambeka alikho ngaphantsi kwe-1/500, kwaye iivalvu zokukhupha umoya ezi-1-2 zenziwe kwindawo ephezulu yekhilomitha nganye.
Kuba ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthuthwa kwamanzi kwipayipi, igesi ekwipayipi iya kuphuma ize iqokelele kwiindawo eziphakanyisiweyo zepayipi, ide yenze ukuvaleka komoya. Xa izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi kwipayipi litshintshatshintsha, iipokotho zomoya ezenziwe kwiindawo eziphakanyisiweyo ziya kuqhubeka zixinwa kwaye zandiswe, kwaye igesi iya kuba nkulu kakhulu emva kokuxinwa izihlandlo ezininzi okanye amakhulu kunoxinzelelo oluveliswa emva kokuba amanzi exinwa (ingxelo kawonke-wonke: Pump Butler). Ngeli xesha, eli candelo lepayipi elineengozi ezifihlakeleyo linokukhokelela kwezi meko zilandelayo:
• Emva kokuba amanzi edlulisiwe phezulu kombhobho, amanzi avuzayo ayanyamalala ngezantsi kombhobho. Oku kungenxa yokuba ingxowa yomoya ekwimbhobho ivala ukuhamba kwamanzi, nto leyo ebangela ukwahlukana kwekholamu yamanzi.
• Igesi ecinezelweyo kwipayipi icinezelwe ukuya kuthi ga kumda ophezulu kwaye yanda ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ipayipi iqhekeke.
• Xa amanzi avela kumthombo wamanzi ophezulu ethuthwa ehla ngomlambo ngesantya esithile ngokuhamba komxhuzulane, emva kokuba ivalvu ephezulu ivaliwe ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa yokungalingani kokuphakama kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi, ikholamu yamanzi kumbhobho ophezulu ayimi ngoko nangoko. Isahamba ngesantya esithile. Isantya sihamba ehla ngomlambo. Ngeli xesha, kwakheka i-vacuum kumbhobho kuba umoya awunakuzaliswa ngexesha, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umbhobho unciphe ngenxa yoxinzelelo olubi kwaye wonakale.
(3) Umsele kunye nomhlaba ozalisa amanzi awuhlangabezani nemigaqo.
Imisele engafanelekanga idla ngokubonwa kwiindawo ezineentaba, ikakhulu kuba kukho amatye amaninzi kwiindawo ezithile. Imisele imbiwa ngesandla okanye iqhunyiswe ngeziqhushumbisi. Umzantsi womsele awulingani kwaye unamatye abukhali avelayo. Xa udibana noku, Kule meko, ngokwemigaqo efanelekileyo, amatye asezantsi komsele kufuneka asuswe kwaye kufuneka kugawulwe ngaphezulu kwe-15 centimeters yesanti ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe umsele. Nangona kunjalo, abasebenzi bokwakha babengenaxanduva okanye basika iikona baza babeka isanti ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle kokubeka isanti okanye ngokomfuziselo babeke isanti ethile. Umsele ubekwa phezu kwamatye. Xa ukugqitywa kokugcwalisa kugqityiwe kwaye amanzi eqalisiwe ukusebenza, ngenxa yobunzima bomsele ngokwawo, uxinzelelo lomhlaba oluthe nkqo, umthwalo wesithuthi kumsele, kunye nokubekwa kobunzima bomxhuzulane, uxhaswa lilitye elinye okanye amaninzi abukhali aphakanyisiweyo ezantsi komsele. , uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo loxinzelelo, umsele unokuba yingozi kakhulu kule ndawo kwaye uqhekeke kumgca othe tye kule ndawo. Oku yiloo nto abantu bahlala bekubiza ngokuba "yimpembelelo yokulinganisa."

4/Amanyathelo

Kukho amanyathelo amaninzi okukhusela ihamile yamanzi, kodwa amanyathelo ahlukeneyo kufuneka athathwe ngokwezizathu ezinokubakho zehamile yamanzi.
1. Ukunciphisa isantya sokuhamba kwemibhobho yamanzi kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwehammer yamanzi ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, kodwa kuya kwandisa ububanzi bemibhobho yamanzi kwaye kwandise utyalo-mali lweprojekthi. Xa kubekwa imibhobho yamanzi, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukuphepha ii-humps okanye utshintsho olukhulu kwithambeka ukuze kuncitshiswe ubude bombhobho wamanzi. Okukhona umbhobho umde, kokukhona ixabiso lehammer yamanzi liba likhulu xa ipompo imisiwe. Ukusuka kwisikhululo esinye sokumpompa ukuya kwisikhululo sokumpompa ezimbini, kusetyenziswa umthombo wokufunxa amanzi ukudibanisa izikhululo zokumpompa ezimbini.
Ihamile yamanzi xa ipompo ivaliwe

Ihamile yamanzi ebizwa ngokuba yi-pump-stop water hammer ibhekisa kwi-hydraulic shock eyenzeka ngenxa yotshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwisantya sokuhamba kwamanzi kwimpompo yamanzi nakwimibhobho yoxinzelelo xa ivalvu ivulwa kwaye iyekwa ngenxa yokucima kombane ngequbuliso okanye ezinye izizathu. Umzekelo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo yamandla okanye izixhobo zombane, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweyunithi yempompo yamanzi ngamaxesha athile, njl. kunokubangela ukuba ipompo ye-centrifugal ivule ivalvu kwaye iyeke, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ihamile yamanzi xa ipompo imisiwe. Ubungakanani behamile yamanzi xa ipompo imisiwe bunxulumene kakhulu nentloko yejometri yegumbi lempompo. Okukhona intloko yejometri iphezulu, kokukhona ixabiso lehamile yamanzi xa ipompo imisiwe liphezulu. Ke ngoko, intloko yempompo efanelekileyo kufuneka ikhethwe ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zangempela zasekuhlaleni.

Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwehamile yamanzi xa ipompo imisiwe lunokufikelela kwi-200% yoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lokusebenza, okanye nangaphezulu, olunokutshabalalisa imibhobho nezixhobo. Iingozi eziqhelekileyo zibangela “ukuvuza kwamanzi” kunye nokuphela kwamanzi; iingozi ezinkulu zibangela ukuba igumbi lepompo ligcwale ngamanzi, izixhobo zonakaliswe, kunye nezibonelelo zonakaliswe. okanye zibangele ukwenzakala okanye ukufa komntu.

Emva kokumisa ipompo ngenxa yengozi, linda ude umbhobho ongasemva kwevalvu yokujonga uzaliswe ngamanzi ngaphambi kokuba uqalise ipompo. Musa ukuyivula ngokupheleleyo ivalvu yokuphuma kwepompo yamanzi xa uqalisa ipompo, kungenjalo kuya kubakho impembelelo enkulu yamanzi. Iingozi ezinkulu zehamile yamanzi kwiindawo ezininzi zokumpompa zihlala zenzeka phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo.

2. Seta isixhobo sokususa isando samanzi
(1) Ukusebenzisa iteknoloji yolawulo lwe-voltage engaguqukiyo
Inkqubo yolawulo oluzenzekelayo lwe-PLC isetyenziselwa ukulawula ipompo ngesantya esiguquguqukayo samaza kunye nokulawula ngokuzenzekelayo ukusebenza kwenkqubo yonke yegumbi lepompo yokuhambisa amanzi. Ekubeni uxinzelelo lwenethiwekhi yemibhobho yokuhambisa amanzi luqhubeka lutshintsha ngotshintsho kwiimeko zokusebenza, uxinzelelo oluphantsi okanye uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo luhlala lusenzeka ngexesha lokusebenza kwenkqubo, nto leyo enokubangela ihamile yamanzi ngokulula, ekhokelela ekonakaleni kwemibhobho nezixhobo. Inkqubo yolawulo oluzenzekelayo lwe-PLC isetyenziselwa ukulawula inethiwekhi yemibhobho. Ukufunyanwa koxinzelelo, ulawulo lwempendulo yokuqala kunye nokuma kwepompo yamanzi kunye nokulungiswa kwesantya, ulawulo lokuhamba, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kugcinwe uxinzelelo kwinqanaba elithile. Uxinzelelo lwamanzi lwepompo lunokubekwa ngokulawula ikhompyutha encinci ukugcina unikezelo lwamanzi oluxinzelelweyo rhoqo kunye nokuphepha ukuguquguquka koxinzelelo olugqithisileyo. Amathuba ehamile yamanzi ayancipha.
(2) Faka isixhobo sokucima isando samanzi
Esi sixhobo sithintela kakhulu ihamile yamanzi xa ipompo imisiwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo ifakelwa kufutshane nombhobho wokuphuma wepompo yamanzi. Sisebenzisa uxinzelelo lombhobho ngokwawo njengamandla okwenza isenzo ezenzekelayo esiphantsi soxinzelelo. Oko kukuthi, xa uxinzelelo kumbhobho luphantsi kunexabiso lokukhusela elimiselweyo, isithuba sokukhupha amanzi siya kuvula ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze kukhutshwe amanzi. Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kusetyenziselwa ukulinganisela uxinzelelo lwemibhobho yasekuhlaleni kunye nokuthintela impembelelo yehamile yamanzi kwizixhobo kunye nemibhobho. Ngokuqhelekileyo ii-eliminators zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezimbini: ezoomatshini kunye ne-hydraulic. Ii-eliminators zoomatshini zibuyiselwa ngesandla emva kwesenzo, ngelixa ii-eliminators ze-hydraulic zinokusetwa kwakhona ngokuzenzekelayo.
(3) Faka ivalvu yokujonga evala kancinci kumbhobho wokukhupha amanzi onomda omkhulu

Ingayisusa ngempumelelo ihamile yamanzi xa ipompo imisiwe, kodwa kuba inani elithile lamanzi liya kubuya xaI-Api 609Xa ivalvu isebenza, umthombo wokufunxa amanzi kufuneka ube nombhobho wokugcwala. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeevalvu zokujonga ezivala kancinci: uhlobo lwesando kunye nohlobo lokugcina amandla. Olu hlobo lwevalvu lunokulungisa ixesha lokuvala ivalvu ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile njengoko kufuneka (wamkelekile okulandelayo: I-Pump Butler). Ngokubanzi, ivalvu ivala ngama-70% ukuya kuma-80% kwimizuzwana emi-3 ukuya kweyesi-7 emva kokucima kombane. Ixesha eliseleyo lokuvala elingama-20% ukuya kuma-30% lihlengahlengiswa ngokweemeko zepompo yamanzi kunye nombhobho, ngokubanzi kuluhlu lwemizuzwana eli-10 ukuya kuma-30. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba xa kukho i-hump kumbhobho kwaye kwenzeka i-water hammer, indima yevalvu yokujonga evala kancinci incinci kakhulu.
(4) Misela inqaba yokulawula uxinzelelo oluya kwicala elinye
Yakhiwe kufutshane nesikhululo sokumpompa okanye kwindawo efanelekileyo kumbhobho, kwaye ukuphakama kwenqaba yokushushumbisa enendlela enye kuphantsi kunoxinzelelo lombhobho apho. Xa uxinzelelo kumbhobho luphantsi kunomgangatho wamanzi kwinqaba, inqaba elawula uxinzelelo igcwalisa amanzi kwipayipi ukuthintela ikholamu yamanzi ukuba ingaphuki kwaye ivale ihamile yamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, isiphumo sayo sokunciphisa uxinzelelo kwihamile yamanzi ngaphandle kwehamile yamanzi yokumisa ipompo, njengehamile yamanzi evala ivalvu, silinganiselwe. Ukongeza, ukusebenza kwevalvu enendlela enye esetyenziswa kwinqaba elawula uxinzelelo enendlela enye kufuneka kuthembeke ngokupheleleyo. Nje ukuba ivalvu ingasebenzi, inokubangela ihamile enkulu yamanzi.
(5) Misela umbhobho we-bypass (ivalvu) kwisikhululo sepompo
Xa inkqubo yepompo isebenza ngendlela eqhelekileyo, ivalvu yokujonga ivaliwe kuba uxinzelelo lwamanzi kwicala loxinzelelo lwepompo luphezulu kunoxinzelelo lwamanzi kwicala lokutsala. Xa umbane ucime ngengozi ngequbuliso, uxinzelelo kwindawo yokuphuma yesitishi sepompo yamanzi luyehla kakhulu, ngelixa uxinzelelo kwicala lokutsala lunyuka kakhulu. Phantsi kolu xinzelelo lomahluko, amanzi axineneyo aphezulu kwipayipi ephambili yokutsala amanzi atyhala ipleyiti yevalvu yokujonga aze ageleze aye emanzini axineneyo aphantsi kwipayipi ephambili yamanzi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba uxinzelelo lwamanzi oluphantsi apho lunyuke; kwelinye icala, ipompo yamanzi Ukunyuka koxinzelelo lwehamile yamanzi kwicala lokutsala nako kuyancitshiswa. Ngale ndlela, ukunyuka kwehamile yamanzi kunye nokuhla koxinzelelo kumacala omabini esitishi sepompo yamanzi kulawulwa, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa kwaye kuthintelwe iingozi zehamile yamanzi.
(6) Misela ivalvu yokuhlola enezigaba ezininzi
Kwipayipi yamanzi ende, yongeza enye okanye ezingaphezuluiivalvu zokujonga, yahlula umbhobho wamanzi ube ngamacandelo aliqela, uze ufake ivalvu yokujonga kwicandelo ngalinye. Xa amanzi kumbhobho wamanzi ebuyela umva ngexesha lehamile yamanzi, ivalvu nganye yokujonga ivalwa enye emva kwenye ukuze yahlule ukuhamba kwe-backflush ibe ngamacandelo aliqela. Ekubeni intloko ye-hydrostatic kwicandelo ngalinye lombhobho wamanzi (okanye icandelo lokuhamba kwe-backflush) incinci kakhulu, izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi liyancitshiswa. I-Hammer boost. Le ndlela yokukhusela ingasetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwiimeko apho umahluko wokuphakama kombane wejometri mkhulu; kodwa ayinakukuphelisa amathuba okwahlukana kwekholamu yamanzi. Ingxaki yayo enkulu yile: ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okongeziweyo kwepompo yamanzi ngexesha lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kunye neendleko zokuhambisa amanzi ezongeziweyo.