1/Umbono

Ihamile yamanzi ikwabizwa ngokuba yihamile yamanzi.Ngexesha lokuthuthwa kwamanzi (okanye olunye ulwelo), ngenxa yokuvulwa okanye ukuvalwa ngequbulisoApi Butterfly Valve, iivalve zesango, khangela ii-vavles kunyeiivalve zebhola.Ukuyeka ngokukhawuleza kweempompo zamanzi, ukuvulwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuvalwa kwee-vanes zesikhokelo, njl., izinga lokuhamba litshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye uxinzelelo luguquguquka kakhulu.Isiphumo sehamile samanzi ligama elicacileyo.Ibhekisa kwihamile yamanzi eqatha ebangelwa yimpembelelo yokuhamba kwamanzi kumbhobho xa impompo yamanzi iqaliswa kwaye imisiwe.Ngenxa yokuba ngaphakathi kombhobho wamanzi, udonga lwangaphakathi lombhobho luhamba kakuhle kwaye amanzi ahamba ngokukhululekile.Xa ivelufa evulekileyo ivalwe ngesiquphe okanye kuyeka impompo yonikezelo lwamanzi, ukuhamba kwamanzi kuya kuvelisa uxinzelelo kwivalve kunye nodonga lombhobho, ngakumbi ivalve okanye impompo.Ngenxa yokuba udonga lombhobho luhamba kakuhle, phantsi kwesenzo se-inertia sokuhamba kwamanzi okulandelayo, amandla e-hydraulic afikelela ngokukhawuleza kwaye avelise imiphumo eyonakalisayo.Le "impembelelo yehamile yamanzi" kwi-hydraulics, oko kukuthi, isando samanzi esilungileyo.Ngokuphambene noko, xa i-valve evaliweyo ivuliwe ngokukhawuleza okanye ipompo yamanzi iqalisiwe, isando samanzi siya kwenzeka kwakhona, esibizwa ngokuba yi-hammer yamanzi engathandekiyo, kodwa ayinkulu njengangaphambili.Impembelelo yoxinzelelo iya kubangela ukuba udonga lombhobho lugxininise kwaye luvelise ingxolo, njengesando esibetha umbhobho, ngoko kubizwa ngokuba yimpembelelo yamanzi.

2/Iingozi

Uxinzelelo olukhawulezileyo oluveliswa sihamile samanzi lunokufikelela kumashumi okanye namakhulu amaxesha oxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lokusebenza kumbhobho.Oku kuguquguquka okukhulu koxinzelelo kunokubangela ukungcangcazela okunamandla okanye ingxolo kwisixokelelwano semibhobho kwaye kunokonakalisa amalungu evalvu.Inempembelelo eyonakalisayo kakhulu kwinkqubo yemibhobho.Ukuze kuthintelwe ihamile yamanzi, inkqubo yemibhobho kufuneka iyilwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuze kuthintelwe izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi ukuba libe phezulu kakhulu.Ngokuqhelekileyo, umlinganiselo owenziweyo wombhobho kufuneka ube ngaphantsi kwe-3m / s, kwaye i-valve yokuvula kunye nesantya sokuvala kufuneka ilawulwe.
Ngenxa yokuba impompo iqalisiwe, iyamiswa, kwaye iivalve zivulwa kwaye zivalwe ngokukhawuleza, isantya samanzi sitshintsha kakhulu, ngakumbi isando samanzi esibangelwa kukumiswa ngequbuliso kwempompo, enokonakalisa imibhobho, iimpompo zamanzi kunye neevalvu, kwaye kubangela ukuba impompo yamanzi ibuyele umva kwaye inciphise uxinzelelo lwenethiwekhi yombhobho.Isiphumo sehamile samanzi siyonakalisa kakhulu: ukuba uxinzelelo luphezulu kakhulu, luya kubangela ukuba umbhobho uqhume.Ngokuchasene noko, ukuba uxinzelelo luphantsi kakhulu, luya kubangela ukuba umbhobho udilize kwaye wonakalise iivalve kunye nokulungiswa.Ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu, izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi liyenyuka ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwizinga lokuhamba.Kuba ulwelo lunamandla e-kinetic kunye neqondo elithile lokucinezeleka, utshintsho olukhulu kwisantya sokuhamba ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu luya kubangela iimpembelelo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphantsi kumbhobho.

3/velisa

Kukho izizathu ezininzi zehamile yamanzi.Imiba eqhelekileyo zezi zilandelayo:

1. Ivalve ngokukhawuleza ivula okanye ivale;

2. Iyunithi yempompo yamanzi ngokukhawuleza iyayeka okanye iqale;

3. Umbhobho omnye uhambisa amanzi kwindawo ephakamileyo (umahluko wobude bomhlaba wonikezelo lwamanzi udlula iimitha ezingama-20);

4 .Ukunyuswa okupheleleyo (okanye uxinzelelo olusebenzayo) lwempompo yamanzi lukhulu;

5. Isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi kumbhobho wamanzi sikhulu kakhulu;

6. Umbhobho wamanzi mde kakhulu kwaye umhlaba uyatshintsha kakhulu.
7. Ulwakhiwo olungekho sikweni yingozi efihlakeleyo kwiiprojekthi zemibhobho yonikezelo lwamanzi
(1) Umzekelo, ukuveliswa kwee piers zesamente ze-tees, elbows, reducers kunye namanye amajoyinti akuhlangabezani neemfuno.
Ngokwe "Technical Regulations for Buried Rigid Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Water Pipeline Engineering", iipali zesamente kufuneka zifakwe kwiindawo ezidibeneyo ezifana nee tee, ingqiniba, izinciphisi kunye neminye imibhobho enobubanzi obuyi-≥110mm ukuthintela ukuhamba kombhobho."Ii-concrete thrust piers" Akufunekanga ibe ngaphantsi kwe-C15 grade, kwaye kufuneka iphoswe kwindawo kwisiseko somhlaba owombiweyo kunye nethambeka lomsele.Amanye amaqela okwakha awanikeli ngqalelo ngokwaneleyo indima yee-thrust piers.Babethelela isibonda somthi okanye bajije iprong yentsimbi ecaleni kombhobho ukuze basebenze njengendawo yokuphosa.Ngamanye amaxesha umthamo we-cement pier uncinci kakhulu okanye awugalelwanga kumhlaba wokuqala.Kwelinye icala, ezinye ii-thrust piers azinamandla ngokwaneleyo.Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha lokusebenza kwemibhobho, ii-thrust piers azikwazi ukusebenza kwaye zingabi namsebenzi, zibangela ukufakwa kwemibhobho efana nee tee kunye neengqiniba ukuba zingahambi kakuhle kwaye zonakaliswe.​
(2) Ivalve yokukhupha ngokuzenzekelayo ayifakelwanga okanye indawo yokufakela ayinangqiqo.
Ngokomgaqo we-hydraulics, iivalve zokukhupha ngokuzenzekelayo kufuneka ziyilwe kwaye zifakwe kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zemibhobho kwiindawo zeentaba okanye iinduli ezinemibhobho emikhulu.Nakwimimandla ethafeni enemihlaba emincinci engashukumiyo, imibhobho kufuneka iyilwe ngobuchule xa kugrunjwa imisele.Kukho ukunyuka nokuhla, ukunyuka okanye ukuwa ngendlela ye-cyclical, i-slope ayikho ngaphantsi kwe-1/500, kunye ne-1-2 iivalve zokukhupha ziyilwe kwindawo ephezulu yekhilomitha nganye.​
Ngenxa yokuba ngexesha lokuthuthwa kwamanzi kumbhobho, igesi esembhobho iya kubaleka kwaye iqokelele kwiindawo eziphakanyisiweyo zombhobho, ize yenze ukuvala umoya.Xa umyinge wokuhamba kwamanzi kumbhobho uguquguquka, iipokotho zomoya ezenziwe kwiindawo eziphakanyisiweyo ziya kuqhubeka zicinezelwa kwaye zandiswe, kwaye irhasi iya kuba Uxinzelelo oluveliswa emva koxinzelelo luphindwe kaninzi okanye namakhulu amaxesha amakhulu kunoxinzelelo olwenziwa emva koxinzelelo. amanzi axinzelelwe (iakhawunti yoluntu: Pump Butler).Ngeli xesha, eli candelo lemibhobho enobungozi obufihliweyo inokukhokelela kwezi meko zilandelayo:
• Emva kokuba amanzi egqithiselwe phezulu kombhobho, amanzi athontsizayo ayanyamalala ezantsi.Oku kungenxa yokuba isikhwama somoya kumbhobho sithintela ukuhamba kwamanzi, okubangela ukuhlukana kwekholomu yamanzi.​
• Irhasi ecinezelweyo kumbhobho icinezelwa ukuya kutsho kowona mda uphezulu kwaye isanda ngokukhawuleza, ibangele ukugqabhuka kombhobho.​
• Xa amanzi asuka kumthombo wamanzi aphezulu ethuthwa ezantsi kumlambo ngesantya esithile ngokuqukuqela komxhuzulane, emva kokuba ivalve enyukayo ivalwe ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa ye-inertia yomahluko wobude kunye nesantya sokuhamba, intsika yamanzi kumbhobho onyukayo ayiyeki ngoko nangoko. .Isahamba ngesantya esithile.Isantya sihamba ngezantsi.Ngeli xesha, i-vacuum yenziwa kwipayipi ngenxa yokuba umoya awukwazi ukuphinda uzaliseke ngexesha, obangela ukuba umbhobho uhlanjululwe ngoxinzelelo olubi kwaye wonakaliswe.
(3) Umsele kunye nomhlaba wokubuyisela umva awuhambelani nemimiselo.
Imisele engafanelekanga idla ngokubonwa kwiindawo ezisezintabeni, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba kukho amatye amaninzi kwiindawo ezithile.Imisele yombiwa ngesandla okanye iqhunyiswe ngeziqhushumbisi.Umzantsi womsele awulingani ngokunzulu kwaye unamatye abukhali aphumela ngaphandle.Xa udibana noku, Kule meko, ngokwemigaqo efanelekileyo, amatye angaphantsi komsele kufuneka asuswe kwaye ngaphezu kweesentimitha ezili-15 zesanti kufuneka zifakwe phambi kokuba kubekwe umbhobho.Noko ke, abakhi babengakhathali okanye bagawula iikona yaye ngokuthe ngqo bayibeka isanti ngaphandle kokugatyulwa kwesanti okanye ngokufuziselayo ukuyigalela intlabathi ethile.Umbhobho ubekwe phezu kwamatye.Xa i-backfill igqityiwe kwaye amanzi eqala ukusebenza, ngenxa yobunzima bombhobho ngokwawo, uxinzelelo lomhlaba oluthe nkqo, umthwalo wesithuthi kumbhobho, kunye ne-superposition of gravity, ixhaswa lilitye elinye okanye amaninzi abukhali aphakanyisiweyo. ezantsi kombhobho., uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo, umbhobho kunokwenzeka ukuba wonakaliswe kweli nqanaba kwaye uqhekeke ngomgca othe ngqo kweli nqanaba.Le yinto abantu abadla ngokuyibiza ngokuba “yimpembelelo yamanqaku.”​

4/Amanyathelo

Kukho amanyathelo amaninzi okukhusela kwihamile yamanzi, kodwa amanyathelo ahlukeneyo kufuneka athathwe ngokwezizathu ezinokuthi zenzeke kwihamile yamanzi.
1. Ukunciphisa isantya sokuhamba kwemibhobho yamanzi kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwehamile yamanzi ukuya kumlinganiselo othile, kodwa kuya kwandisa ububanzi bemibhobho yamanzi kunye nokwandisa utyalo-mali lweprojekthi.Xa ubeka imibhobho yamanzi, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuphepha ama-humps okanye utshintsho olumandla kwi-slope ukunciphisa ubude bombhobho wamanzi.Okukhona umbhobho omde, kokukhona ixabiso lehamile yamanzi libe likhulu xa umpompo umisiwe.Ukusuka kwisikhululo sokupompa esinye ukuya kwizitishi ezimbini zokumpompa, iqula lokufunxa amanzi lisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa izikhululo zokupompa ezimbini.
Ihamile yamanzi xa impompo imisiwe

Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-pump-stop-stop water hammer ibhekisela kwisiganeko sokutshatyalaliswa kwe-hydraulic ebangelwa utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kwisantya sokuhamba kwimpompo yamanzi kunye nemibhobho yoxinzelelo xa i-valve ivuliwe kwaye imisiwe ngenxa yokuphuma kombane ngokukhawuleza okanye ezinye izizathu.Ngokomzekelo, ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yamandla okanye izixhobo zombane, ukungaphumeleli kweyunithi yempompo yamanzi, njl njl.Ubungakanani behamile yamanzi xa ipompo imisiwe ihambelana ikakhulu nentloko yejometri yegumbi lokumpompa.Ukuphakama kwentloko yejometri, likhulu ixabiso lehamile yamanzi xa impompo imisiwe.Ngoko ke, intloko yepompo efanelekileyo kufuneka ikhethwe ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zangempela zendawo.

Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwehamile yamanzi xa impompo imisiwe inokufikelela kwi-200% yoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lokusebenza, okanye nangaphezulu, ezinokutshabalalisa imibhobho kunye nezixhobo.Iingozi ngokubanzi zibangela “ukuvuza kwamanzi” kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi;iingozi ezimandundu zibangela ukuba igumbi lempompo lizaliswe ngamanzi, izixhobo zonakaliswe, kwaye izibonelelo zonakaliswe.umonakalo okanye ude ubangele ukwenzakala okanye ukufa komntu.

Emva kokumisa impompo ngenxa yengozi, linda de umbhobho emva kwevalve yokutshekisha uzaliswe ngamanzi ngaphambi kokuba uqale umpompo.Musa ukuvula ngokupheleleyo i-valve yokukhupha impompo yamanzi xa uqala umpompo, ngaphandle koko impembelelo enkulu yamanzi iya kwenzeka.Iingozi ezinkulu zehamile zamanzi kwiindawo ezininzi zokumpompa zihlala zisenzeka phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo.

2. Cwangcisa isixhobo sokuphelisa isando samanzi
(1) Ukusebenzisa iteknoloji yokulawula amandla ombane rhoqo
Inkqubo yokulawula ngokuzenzekelayo ye-PLC isetyenziselwa ukulawula impompo ngesantya esiguqukayo esiguqukayo kunye nokulawula ngokuzenzekelayo ukusebenza kwayo yonke inkqubo yempompo yokubonelela ngamanzi.Ekubeni uxinzelelo lwenethiwekhi yombhobho wokuhambisa amanzi luqhubeka nokutshintsha kunye nokutshintsha kweemeko zokusebenza, uxinzelelo oluphantsi okanye uxinzelelo luhlala luvela ngexesha lokusebenza kwenkqubo, enokuthi ibangele kalula isando samanzi, ekhokelela kumonakalo kwimibhobho kunye nezixhobo.Inkqubo yokulawula ngokuzenzekelayo ye-PLC isetyenziselwa ukulawula inethiwekhi yombhobho.Ukufunyanwa koxinzelelo, ukulawulwa kwempendulo yokuqala kunye nokuyeka impompo yamanzi kunye nokulungiswa kwesantya, ukulawula ukuhamba, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kugcinwe uxinzelelo kwinqanaba elithile.Uxinzelelo lonikezelo lwamanzi lwempompo lunokusetwa ngokulawula i-microcomputer ukugcina uxinzelelo lwamanzi rhoqo kwaye ugweme ukuguquguquka okukhulu koxinzelelo.Amathuba ehamile yamanzi ayancitshiswa.
(2) Faka isixhobo sokuphelisa ihamile yamanzi
Esi sixhobo sithintela kakhulu ihamile yamanzi xa impompo imisiwe.Ngokuqhelekileyo ifakwe kufuphi nombhobho wokuphuma wempompo yamanzi.Isebenzisa uxinzelelo lombhobho ngokwawo njengamandla okuqonda isenzo esizenzekelayo esiphantsi koxinzelelo.Okokuthi, xa uxinzelelo kumbhobho lungaphantsi kwexabiso elimiselweyo lokukhusela, i-port drain iya kuvula ngokuzenzekelayo ukukhupha amanzi.Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa uxinzelelo lwemibhobho yendawo kunye nokuthintela impembelelo yehamile yamanzi kwizixhobo kunye nemibhobho.Ii-eliminators zinokwahlulwa ngokubanzi zibe ziindidi ezimbini: oomatshini kunye ne-hydraulic.Izixhobo zokuphelisa oomatshini zibuyiselwa ngesandla emva kwesenzo, ngelixa ii-hydraulic eliminators zinokusetwa kwakhona ngokuzenzekelayo.
(3) Fakela ivalve yokujonga ukuvala kade kumbhobho wokuphuma wempompo wamanzi onobubanzi obukhulu

Iyakwazi ukuphelisa ngokufanelekileyo ihamile yamanzi xa impompo imisiwe, kodwa ngenxa yokuba umlinganiselo othile wamanzi uya kubuyela emvaApi 609Ivalve ivuliwe, iqula lokufunxa amanzi kufuneka libe nombhobho ophuphumayo.Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeevalvu zokujonga ukuvala ngokukhawuleza: uhlobo lwehamile kunye nohlobo lokugcina amandla.Olu hlobo lwevalve lunokulungelelanisa ixesha lokuvala ivalve ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile njengoko kufuneka (wamkelekile ukuba ulandele: Pump Butler).Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-valve ivala i-70% ukuya kwi-80% ngaphakathi kwe-3 ukuya kwi-7 imizuzwana emva kokuphela kombane.I-20% ukuya kwi-30% yexesha lokuvala eliseleyo lihlengahlengiswa ngokwemiqathango yempompo yamanzi kunye nombhobho, ngokubanzi kwi-10 ukuya kwi-30 imizuzwana.Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba xa kukho i-hump kwipayipi kunye nesando samanzi senzeke, indima yevalve yokujonga ukuvala ngokukhawuleza iyancipha kakhulu.
(4) Misa inqaba yokulawula uxinzelelo ecalanye
Yakhiwe kufutshane nesikhululo sokumpompa okanye kwindawo efanelekileyo kumbhobho, kwaye ubude bendlela enye yokunyuka kwenqaba bungaphantsi kunoxinzelelo lwemibhobho apho.Xa uxinzelelo kumbhobho lungaphantsi kumphakamo wamanzi kwinqaba, inqaba elawula uxinzelelo iphinda izalise amanzi kumbhobho ukuthintela intsika yamanzi ekubeni yaphuke kwaye ibhulorho isando samanzi.Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo yayo yokunciphisa uxinzelelo kwihamile yamanzi ngaphandle kwesando sokumisa amanzi sokupompoza, njengehamile yokuvala i-valve yamanzi, ilinganiselwe.Ukongeza, ukusebenza kwevalve yendlela enye esetyenziswa kwindlela enye yokulawula uxinzelelo kufuneka ithembeke ngokupheleleyo.Nje ukuba ivalve ingaphumeleli, inokubangela ihamile enkulu yamanzi.
(5) Misela umbhobho wokudlula (ivalve) kwisikhululo sokumpompa
Xa inkqubo yempompo isebenza ngokuqhelekileyo, i-valve yokukhangela ivaliwe ngenxa yokuba uxinzelelo lwamanzi kwicala loxinzelelo lwempompo luphezulu kunoxinzelelo lwamanzi kwicala lokufunxa.Xa ukuphuma kombane ngengozi kuyeka ngokukhawuleza impompo, uxinzelelo ekuphumeni kwesikhululo sempompo yamanzi lwehla ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa uxinzelelo kwicala lokufunxa lukhuphuka ngokukhawuleza.Phantsi kolu xinzelelo lwahlukileyo, amanzi adlulayo anoxinzelelo oluphezulu kumbhobho ophambili wokufunxa amanzi atyhala avule ipleyiti yevalve yevalvu kwaye aqukuqelele kumanzi aphantsi oxinzelelo oluphantsi kumbhobho ongundoqo wamanzi oxinzelelo, obangela ukuba uxinzelelo lwamanzi aphantsi apho lunyuke;kwelinye icala, impompo yamanzi Ukunyuka koxinzelelo lwehamile yamanzi kwicala lokufunxa nalo kuncitshisiwe.Ngale ndlela, ukunyuka kwehamile yamanzi kunye nokuhla koxinzelelo kumacala omabini esikhululo sempompo yamanzi zilawulwa, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zikhusele iingozi zehamile yamanzi.
(6) Misela ivalve yokutshekisha enamanqanaba amaninzi
Kumbhobho omde wamanzi, yongeza enye okanye ngaphezulukhangela iivalvu, ukwahlula umbhobho wamanzi kumacandelo amaninzi, kwaye ufake i-valve yokukhangela kwicandelo ngalinye.Xa amanzi kumbhobho wamanzi ebuyela emva ngexesha lehamile yamanzi, ivalve nganye yokutshekisha ivalwa enye emva kwenye ukwahlula ukuqukuqela okubuyela ngasemva kumacandelo amaninzi.Ekubeni intloko ye-hydrostatic kwicandelo ngalinye lombhobho wamanzi (okanye icandelo lokuhamba kwe-backflush) lincinci kakhulu, izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi liyancipha.Ukunyuswa kwehamile.Lo mlinganiso wokukhusela unokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwiimeko apho umehluko wokuphakama kwamanzi wejometri mkhulu;kodwa ayikwazi ukuphelisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokuhlukana kwekholomu yamanzi.Intlupheko yayo enkulu kukuba: ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwimpompo yamanzi ngexesha lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kunye nokunyuka kweendleko zokubonelela ngamanzi.